I grew up in the CRC, and am still here, along with my family. I'm married to Daryl, who has a construction business. I had a CPA license for 10 or so years, then I added EX to the front, and MOM to the back, so now I'm an EX CPA, MOM =). I am MOM to Duncan, Ian and Samantha. Our family also owns a raspberry farm, and in the summers we get to work out there together.
FYI: I shared the chart of authentein Scripture translations in PART 7 comments as that usage entirely CONTEXT 1 - people to people relationships... Getting the Whole Picture, Part 7: The Shift Continues | CRC Network So if you are interested, check out the comments in PART 7.
I hope to drop a list of 100+ Chrysostom's uses (around 70 uses are CONTEXT 3 related to God as some form of Absolute Sovereignty) in the comments here later for anyone who might be interested. This list is something that I could not find anywhere else, other than some references to Chrysostom using authente in several sermons related to 1 Timothy 2 and husband/wife relations. But thanks to TLG, I could compile Chrysostom's 100+ uses, then drop them into AI to translate into English to help me with context and meaning. Coming soon... but might be a few days as the format from excel does not copy into the comments coherently!
Thank you for sharing this. Thankfully there is a healthy shift going on regarding the expression of church ministry, including an emphasis on collaborating and cooperating with one another instead of competing and comparing! This gives space for a beautiful and powerful synergy between brothers and sisters in the family of God.
Something I would like to encourage Thrive/ CRC to consider as part of the paradigm shift is using "ministry leader" instead of "lay leader." Lots of reasons why, but it's something that helps create unity in the family instead of a clergy/laity divide.
oh Carol, what a heartbreaking nightmare for you, your family and community! Prayers for deep healing in your community as the grief and trauma continues long, long after the shooting.
The grief from loss of life, along with continued suffering and trauma of those injured physically and/or emotionally never completely goes away as the deep scars remain but change over time and can become beautiful compassion and sensitivity for the hurting.
Love this, Sarah! Thanks for sharing! There are so many amazing experiences, perspectives, and testimonies of how Holy Spirit works in and through us for God's glory and our good!
I'm looking forward to insights, thoughts that others will share on Made New: Life in the Spirit!
This is one of the very beautiful aspects of our Christian faith is that we know that God's Kingdom includes EVERY tribe, tongue, people and nation! This is something to celebrate as we embrace God's inclusive "one another" commands / principles on how we agape love and relate to every tribe, tongue, people and nation! The Case for "One Another" (See These 59 Commands in the Bible) | CRC Network
Each community is unique, so look for the other boats (not just pastors, elders, deacons), and gather intercessors, chaplains, ministry directors/staff together regularly for prayer, encouragement and supporting one another as the beautiful blend of the family of God in your community! I have the privilege of being part of several of these groups where I live and walk alongside women and men that serve the Kingdom in these various ways.
FYI some notes on pagan practices mentioned in ancient documents to give an idea of some of the things the early church wrestled with:
DIDACHE (85 AD-200 AD): The Didache in English; CH 2: you shall not practice witchcraft, you shall not murder a child by abortion nor kill that which is born. CH 3: My child, be not superstitious, since it leads to idolatry. Be neither an enchanter, nor an astrologer... CH 5: idolatries, magic arts, witchcrafts... murderers of children (ie through abandonment and exposure)...
COUNCIL OF NICAEA: CHURCH FATHERS: First Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) Canon 1, there is a history here of at least several hundred years on this disturbing pagan practice and I find it interesting that this is the issue the council lists as the first canon that indicates it is still part of the problem for the early church in 325 AD, because it was part of the problem in Paul's time as well, which I have not included anywhere in the series and probably won't other than here to say the practice was also part of the toxic mess in Ephesus connected to one of the goddesses and Nicaea was still dealing with it a few hundred years later.
I want to share a list of how authentein has been translated in various versions of the Bible compared to how lording it over and exercise authority are translated in Matt 20:25. Interestingly it mostly lines up with the lording it over, more than the exercise authority over...
here's a fairly extensive list from about 150AD to modern versions, NOTE: general "have authority" or "exercise authority" is primarily the last 125 years, Erasmus introduced authority but qualified it with usurp as illegitimate, taken unlawfully, by force, the Geneva (1587) and King James (1611) and a few others also used usurp after that with a few using just "authority" from 1526-1903...
VERSION / TYPE / YEAR / 1 Tim 2:12 authority? / Matt 20:25 lord over / Matt 20:25 exercise authority
GREEK / ORIGINAL / 50 AD-100 AD / AUTHENTEIN / KATAKYRIEUOUSIN / KATEXOUSIAZOUSIN
Old Latin / ANCIENT / 150-250 / dominari / dominantur / petestatem exercent
Syriac / ANCIENT / 170-200 / NO TRANSLATION for authentein
Coptic / ANCIENT / 170-300 / dominate / lord over / rule harshly, dominate
Syriac Peshitta/ ANCIENT/ 300-400 / be authoritative, domineering / lord over / exercise dominion
Ethiopic / ANCIENT / 300-500 / lord over/dominate / rule over/dominate harshly / oppressive power over
Vulgate -Jerome / Latin / 400 / dominari / dominantur eorum / potestatem exercent
Armenian / ANCIENT / 410-440 / dominate/lord over / dominate/lord over / exercise power, authority
Georgian / ANCIENT / 400-600 / dominate/lord over / dominate/lord over / exercise dominion
Arabic / 867 AD / dominating/mastery over / dominate/control harshly / command imperiously
Cyril & Methodius / Old Slavonic / 863-900 / lord over, dominate / lord it over / exercise authority over
Wycliffe / ENGLISH / 1380-1384 / lordship on husband / lordis of hem / usen power on hem
Erasmus / Greek/Latin / 1516 / usurp authority / Same as Greek/Latin / Same as Greek/Latin
Tyndale / Early / 1526 / have authority / dominacio over / exercise power
Coverdale / Early / 1535 / have authority / domynacion of people / exercise power among
Bishops / Early / 1568 / usurp authority / dominion over / exercise aucthoritie
Geneva / Early / 1587 / usurp authority / have domination over / exercise authoritie
Douay Rheims / Modern / 1609 / use authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
KJV / Classic / 1611 / usurp authority / exercise dominion over / exercise authority over
Webster / Classic / 1833 / usurp authority / exercise dominion over / exercise authority over
Youngs Literal / Literal / 1862 / rule a husband / exercise lordship over / exercise authority over
English Revised / Classic / 1885 / have dominion / lord it over / exercise authority over
ASV / Classic / 1901 / have dominion / lord it over / exercise authority over
Weymouth / Modern / 1903 / have authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
New American / Modern / 1970 / have authority / domineer over / exercise authority over
NKJV / Classic / 1982 / have authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NIV 1984 / Modern / 1984 / have authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NRSV / Modern / 1989 / have authority / lord it over / great ones tyrants over
NASB / Modern / 1995 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NET / Modern / 1995 / exercise authority / lord it over / use authority over
Cont English / Modern / 1995 / tell men what to do / order people around / full power & rule over
New Heart English / Public / 2010 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
ISV / Modern / 2011 / instigate conflict / lord it over / superiors acts as tyrants over
NIV 2011 / Modern / 2011 / assume authority / lord it over / exercise authority over / Literal SV
Literal / 2020 / rule a husband / exercise lordship over / exercise authority over
World English / Classic / 1901, 2016 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NASB / Modern / 1961, 1995, 2020 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
AMP / Modern / 1965, 2015 / exercise authority / absolute power / lord over / exercise authority over
Good News / Modern / 1966, 1976 / have authority / have power over / complete authority
NASB / Modern / 1971, 1977, 1995, 2020 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NLT / Modern / 1996, 2004, 2015 / have authority / lord it over / flaunt authority over
Holman / Modern / 1999-2009 / have authority / dominate them / exercise power over
ESV / Modern / 2001, 2016 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
Christian Std / Modern / 2009, 2017 / have authority / lord it over / acts as tyrants over
Berean Standard / Modern / 2016, 2020 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
Berean literal / Literal / 2016, 2020 / use authority / exercise lordship / exercise authority over
Thanks Tim. It's been a fascinating study. I would love to hear your thoughts from your journey regarding authenteo and women in the Church if you feel inclined to share!
For those interested: Here is an extensive but not exhaustive list of post Paul uses. I researched most of them but not all of them. I encourage you to do your own research. If you find anything insightful and interesting, please share it in the comments to help us learn together. Your thoughts and questions are appreciated!
AUTHENTEO/AUTHENTES MEANING /POST PAUL/ AUTHOR; GENRE; SOURCE
rulership of one planet over another, superior… /??50 BC-/ 100 +AD??/ Methodus Mystica/ Astrological/toxic cocktail syncretism (date is uncertain) Hermeticism - New World Encyclopedia
absolute sovereignty above all things /50- 100 AD/ Cerinthus/early Gnostic in Ephesus; per Irenaeus' Against Heresies (180 AD)
– “perpetrator of crime” /75-80AD/ Flavius Josephus; Jewish Wars (BJ. 1.582.1)
– “perpetrator of slaughter” /75-80AD/ Flavius Josephys; Jewish Wars (BJ.2.240.5)
masters, leaders re the moon /80-120 AD/ Dorotheus of Sidon/Astrological; Carmen Astrologicum
Supreme deity, absolute sovereignty /100-120 AD/ Saturninus, Syrian Gnostic; Per Irenaeus Against Heresies (180AD)
Master /Lord of tower (church) allegory referring to Jesus /140-155AD/ Hermas, Christian, brother to Bishop Pius 1; Shepherd of Hermas (some erroneously dated this earlier as 40-60AD)
– “perpetrator of evil” /150-165 AD/ Appian of Alexander/historian; Mithrades 90.1
– “murderer” x 2 times /150-165 AD/ Appian of Alexander/historian; History of Rome (BC.1.7.61.7; 1.13.115.17)
– “slayer”150-165 AD/ Appian of Alexander/historian; History of Rome (BC. 3.2.16.13)
– “slayer of oneself” /150-165 AD/ Appian of Alexander/historian; History of Rome (BC. 4.17.134.40)
authoritative/dominates (BAGD) re Saturn /150-170 AD/ Ptolemy/Astronomy, mathematician; Tetrabiblos III 13.338
dominance/mastery re astrology 150-170 AD/ Ptolemy/Astronomy, mathematician; Tetrabiblos 3.14.10
supervisory authority re planets /150-175 AD/ Vettius Valens/astrology; Anthology
see Cerinthus and Saturninus /180 AD/ Irenaeus (Church Father; Against Heresies (180AD) citing early gnostics
murder through using others /100-200 AD/ Harpocration/Grammarian re Lysias /orator (445-380 BC); Lexicon
perpetrates the murder /100-200 AD/ Harpocration/Grammarian re Lysias /orator (445-380 BC); Suda
dealing with murder /300-400AD/ Sopater Atheniensis/Rhetorician
destroyer of the Phocians /315-386 AD/ Himerius/Sophist
Absolute, Divine, Equal, Sovereign, Supreme /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Authente family referring to Jesus Christ 60+, God & Holy Spirit 10+)
delegated limited servant level authority /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homiliies on satan
Authority of God's Divine truth, Scripture, law /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies in general
Bold, forceful rebuke to confront sin /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies re Apostle Paul
encouraged a pastoral, gentler, restrained, tempered response/authority instead of authentes /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies re Apostle Paul, Peter, Andrew, Timothy, elders, leaders
deacon/leaders abusing authority/power /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); letter to Pope Innocent re trial by eccl leaders
Eve influenced and taught man badly once, so now restricted and submits to prevent error /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Gen 3/ I Tim 2-14 re Adam & Eve
neither believing husband or wife are to authentei over each other, prohibited for both /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies on 1 Timothy & Colossians re husband and wife relationships
ok to teach husband if a non- believer /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies on 1 Timothy
avoid authentein, esp w unbelievers; serve instead of authentias /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies on Colossians & 1 Timothy; re family of God & Episkope
prohibited action of women (elderly widows) cannot teach men /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120-150 uses); Homilies on 1 Timothy 5 and 2:12 re widows
autonomous freedom making sinful choices /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120-150 uses); Homilies on 1 Timothy 5:6 re young widows
arrogant, demanding authentias compared to Paul's gentler approach /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120-150 uses); Homilies re exploitive & false teachers
Trinitarian / ecclesial context … /350-379 AD/ Basil the Great
…for supreme authority/sovereignty /350-390 AD/ Gregory of Nazianzus
Not proficient in Greek, consulted w Jerome & lexicons to help him /354-430 AD/ Augustine of Hippo (Latin > didn’t know much Greek)
Posted in: Getting the Whole Picture, Part 8: The Shift Continues, Contexts 2 and 3
Thanks for reading!
FYI: I shared the chart of authentein Scripture translations in PART 7 comments as that usage entirely CONTEXT 1 - people to people relationships... Getting the Whole Picture, Part 7: The Shift Continues | CRC Network So if you are interested, check out the comments in PART 7.
I hope to drop a list of 100+ Chrysostom's uses (around 70 uses are CONTEXT 3 related to God as some form of Absolute Sovereignty) in the comments here later for anyone who might be interested. This list is something that I could not find anywhere else, other than some references to Chrysostom using authente in several sermons related to 1 Timothy 2 and husband/wife relations. But thanks to TLG, I could compile Chrysostom's 100+ uses, then drop them into AI to translate into English to help me with context and meaning. Coming soon... but might be a few days as the format from excel does not copy into the comments coherently!
Posted in: Missional Drift and Navigating Towards Thriving
Thank you for sharing this. Thankfully there is a healthy shift going on regarding the expression of church ministry, including an emphasis on collaborating and cooperating with one another instead of competing and comparing! This gives space for a beautiful and powerful synergy between brothers and sisters in the family of God.
Something I would like to encourage Thrive/ CRC to consider as part of the paradigm shift is using "ministry leader" instead of "lay leader." Lots of reasons why, but it's something that helps create unity in the family instead of a clergy/laity divide.
Posted in: When Worship Feels Like A Risk: Navigating Faith After Violence
oh Carol, what a heartbreaking nightmare for you, your family and community! Prayers for deep healing in your community as the grief and trauma continues long, long after the shooting.
The grief from loss of life, along with continued suffering and trauma of those injured physically and/or emotionally never completely goes away as the deep scars remain but change over time and can become beautiful compassion and sensitivity for the hurting.
Posted in: Made New: Life in the Spirit
Love this, Sarah! Thanks for sharing! There are so many amazing experiences, perspectives, and testimonies of how Holy Spirit works in and through us for God's glory and our good!
I'm looking forward to insights, thoughts that others will share on Made New: Life in the Spirit!
Posted in: Principles for Healthy and Respectful Intercultural Engagement in Church Communities
This is one of the very beautiful aspects of our Christian faith is that we know that God's Kingdom includes EVERY tribe, tongue, people and nation! This is something to celebrate as we embrace God's inclusive "one another" commands / principles on how we agape love and relate to every tribe, tongue, people and nation! The Case for "One Another" (See These 59 Commands in the Bible) | CRC Network
Posted in: Resources for Women in Leadership
Thanks for sharing these resources and support opportunities Sarah.
I encourage women who are looking for a team to encourage and support one another, to look for the "other boats" that often get overlooked and receive little attention for various reasons. Often these are the intercessors, chaplains, local ministry directors and staff. Find them and connect with them regularly! Mark 4:36 After they had dismissed the crowd, they took Jesus with them, since He was already in the boat. And there were other boats with Him.
Each community is unique, so look for the other boats (not just pastors, elders, deacons), and gather intercessors, chaplains, ministry directors/staff together regularly for prayer, encouragement and supporting one another as the beautiful blend of the family of God in your community! I have the privilege of being part of several of these groups where I live and walk alongside women and men that serve the Kingdom in these various ways.
Posted in: Getting the Whole Picture, Part 7: The Shift Continues
FYI some notes on pagan practices mentioned in ancient documents to give an idea of some of the things the early church wrestled with:
DIDACHE (85 AD-200 AD): The Didache in English; CH 2: you shall not practice witchcraft, you shall not murder a child by abortion nor kill that which is born. CH 3: My child, be not superstitious, since it leads to idolatry. Be neither an enchanter, nor an astrologer... CH 5: idolatries, magic arts, witchcrafts... murderers of children (ie through abandonment and exposure)...
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA (202 AD): The writings of Clement of Alexandria : Clement, of Alexandria, Saint, ca. 150-ca. 215 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive ; especially chapter III The Cruelty of the Sacrifices to the gods; Exhortation to the Heathens, p48-49
COUNCIL OF NICAEA: CHURCH FATHERS: First Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) Canon 1, there is a history here of at least several hundred years on this disturbing pagan practice and I find it interesting that this is the issue the council lists as the first canon that indicates it is still part of the problem for the early church in 325 AD, because it was part of the problem in Paul's time as well, which I have not included anywhere in the series and probably won't other than here to say the practice was also part of the toxic mess in Ephesus connected to one of the goddesses and Nicaea was still dealing with it a few hundred years later.
AUTHENTE CONTEXTS 2 & 3 up next...
Posted in: Getting the Whole Picture, Part 7: The Shift Continues
Thanks Sarah, this is a fascinating and rich journey of God's beautiful principles for His family!
Posted in: Getting the Whole Picture, Part 7: The Shift Continues
I want to share a list of how authentein has been translated in various versions of the Bible compared to how lording it over and exercise authority are translated in Matt 20:25. Interestingly it mostly lines up with the lording it over, more than the exercise authority over...
here's a fairly extensive list from about 150AD to modern versions, NOTE: general "have authority" or "exercise authority" is primarily the last 125 years, Erasmus introduced authority but qualified it with usurp as illegitimate, taken unlawfully, by force, the Geneva (1587) and King James (1611) and a few others also used usurp after that with a few using just "authority" from 1526-1903...
VERSION / TYPE / YEAR / 1 Tim 2:12 authority? / Matt 20:25 lord over / Matt 20:25 exercise authority
GREEK / ORIGINAL / 50 AD-100 AD / AUTHENTEIN / KATAKYRIEUOUSIN / KATEXOUSIAZOUSIN
Old Latin / ANCIENT / 150-250 / dominari / dominantur / petestatem exercent
Syriac / ANCIENT / 170-200 / NO TRANSLATION for authentein
Coptic / ANCIENT / 170-300 / dominate / lord over / rule harshly, dominate
Syriac Peshitta/ ANCIENT/ 300-400 / be authoritative, domineering / lord over / exercise dominion
Ethiopic / ANCIENT / 300-500 / lord over/dominate / rule over/dominate harshly / oppressive power over
Vulgate -Jerome / Latin / 400 / dominari / dominantur eorum / potestatem exercent
Armenian / ANCIENT / 410-440 / dominate/lord over / dominate/lord over / exercise power, authority
Georgian / ANCIENT / 400-600 / dominate/lord over / dominate/lord over / exercise dominion
Arabic / 867 AD / dominating/mastery over / dominate/control harshly / command imperiously
Cyril & Methodius / Old Slavonic / 863-900 / lord over, dominate / lord it over / exercise authority over
Wycliffe / ENGLISH / 1380-1384 / lordship on husband / lordis of hem / usen power on hem
Erasmus / Greek/Latin / 1516 / usurp authority / Same as Greek/Latin / Same as Greek/Latin
Tyndale / Early / 1526 / have authority / dominacio over / exercise power
Coverdale / Early / 1535 / have authority / domynacion of people / exercise power among
Bishops / Early / 1568 / usurp authority / dominion over / exercise aucthoritie
Geneva / Early / 1587 / usurp authority / have domination over / exercise authoritie
Douay Rheims / Modern / 1609 / use authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
KJV / Classic / 1611 / usurp authority / exercise dominion over / exercise authority over
Webster / Classic / 1833 / usurp authority / exercise dominion over / exercise authority over
Youngs Literal / Literal / 1862 / rule a husband / exercise lordship over / exercise authority over
English Revised / Classic / 1885 / have dominion / lord it over / exercise authority over
ASV / Classic / 1901 / have dominion / lord it over / exercise authority over
Weymouth / Modern / 1903 / have authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
New American / Modern / 1970 / have authority / domineer over / exercise authority over
NKJV / Classic / 1982 / have authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NIV 1984 / Modern / 1984 / have authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NRSV / Modern / 1989 / have authority / lord it over / great ones tyrants over
NASB / Modern / 1995 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NET / Modern / 1995 / exercise authority / lord it over / use authority over
Cont English / Modern / 1995 / tell men what to do / order people around / full power & rule over
New Heart English / Public / 2010 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
ISV / Modern / 2011 / instigate conflict / lord it over / superiors acts as tyrants over
NIV 2011 / Modern / 2011 / assume authority / lord it over / exercise authority over / Literal SV
Literal / 2020 / rule a husband / exercise lordship over / exercise authority over
World English / Classic / 1901, 2016 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NASB / Modern / 1961, 1995, 2020 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
AMP / Modern / 1965, 2015 / exercise authority / absolute power / lord over / exercise authority over
Good News / Modern / 1966, 1976 / have authority / have power over / complete authority
NASB / Modern / 1971, 1977, 1995, 2020 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
NLT / Modern / 1996, 2004, 2015 / have authority / lord it over / flaunt authority over
Holman / Modern / 1999-2009 / have authority / dominate them / exercise power over
ESV / Modern / 2001, 2016 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
Christian Std / Modern / 2009, 2017 / have authority / lord it over / acts as tyrants over
Berean Standard / Modern / 2016, 2020 / exercise authority / lord it over / exercise authority over
Berean literal / Literal / 2016, 2020 / use authority / exercise lordship / exercise authority over
Posted in: Getting the Whole Picture, Part 7: The Shift Continues
Thanks Carol, for your encouragement. You are appreciated! I look forward to reading your work as well!
Posted in: Getting the Whole Picture, Part 7: The Shift Continues
Thanks Tim. It's been a fascinating study. I would love to hear your thoughts from your journey regarding authenteo and women in the Church if you feel inclined to share!
Posted in: Getting the Whole Picture, Part 5:The Post-Paul Use of Authente
For those interested: Here is an extensive but not exhaustive list of post Paul uses. I researched most of them but not all of them. I encourage you to do your own research. If you find anything insightful and interesting, please share it in the comments to help us learn together. Your thoughts and questions are appreciated!
AUTHENTEO/AUTHENTES MEANING /POST PAUL/ AUTHOR; GENRE; SOURCE
AUTHENTEIN TBD /61-63AD/ Apostle Paul/I Timothy 2:12
rulership of one planet over another, superior… /??50 BC-/ 100 +AD??/ Methodus Mystica/ Astrological/toxic cocktail syncretism (date is uncertain) Hermeticism - New World Encyclopedia
absolute sovereignty above all things /50- 100 AD/ Cerinthus/early Gnostic in Ephesus; per Irenaeus' Against Heresies (180 AD)
– “perpetrator of crime” /75-80AD/ Flavius Josephus; Jewish Wars (BJ. 1.582.1)
– “perpetrator of slaughter” /75-80AD/ Flavius Josephys; Jewish Wars (BJ.2.240.5)
masters, leaders re the moon /80-120 AD/ Dorotheus of Sidon/Astrological; Carmen Astrologicum
Supreme deity, absolute sovereignty /100-120 AD/ Saturninus, Syrian Gnostic; Per Irenaeus Against Heresies (180AD)
Master /Lord of tower (church) allegory referring to Jesus /140-155AD/ Hermas, Christian, brother to Bishop Pius 1; Shepherd of Hermas (some erroneously dated this earlier as 40-60AD)
– “perpetrator of evil” /150-165 AD/ Appian of Alexander/historian; Mithrades 90.1
– “murderer” x 2 times /150-165 AD/ Appian of Alexander/historian; History of Rome (BC.1.7.61.7; 1.13.115.17)
– “slayer”150-165 AD/ Appian of Alexander/historian; History of Rome (BC. 3.2.16.13)
– “slayer of oneself” /150-165 AD/ Appian of Alexander/historian; History of Rome (BC. 4.17.134.40)
authoritative/dominates (BAGD) re Saturn /150-170 AD/ Ptolemy/Astronomy, mathematician; Tetrabiblos III 13.338
dominance/mastery re astrology 150-170 AD/ Ptolemy/Astronomy, mathematician; Tetrabiblos 3.14.10
supervisory authority re planets /150-175 AD/ Vettius Valens/astrology; Anthology
see Cerinthus and Saturninus /180 AD/ Irenaeus (Church Father; Against Heresies (180AD) citing early gnostics
murder through using others /100-200 AD/ Harpocration/Grammarian re Lysias /orator (445-380 BC); Lexicon
perpetrates the murder /100-200 AD/ Harpocration/Grammarian re Lysias /orator (445-380 BC); Suda
independent jurisdiction, self- determination /100-200 AD/ Moeris Atticista Lexicon Atticum/Grammarian
supreme authority, highest source /100-300 AD/ Poimandres (Astrological Hermetic Gnostic text); Corpus Hermeticum
CLEMENT USED BOTH MEANINGS:
(angels) are murderers/perpetrators of violent acts /190-200 AD/ Clement of Alexandria/ Chr theologian/ philosopher/ Stromata 2.8.38.5-6
mutual authority between husband and wife per 1 Cor 7:4 /190-200 AD/ Clement of Alexandria/ Chr theologian/ philosopher/ Stromata 3.18.106.2-3
self-murderer (authentes) and suicide (autophoneus) /190-200 AD/ Clement of Alexandria/ Chr theologian/ philosopher/ Stromata 4.4.16.3-4
(Scriptures) omnipotent authority 190-200 AD/ Clement of Alexandria/ Chr theologian/ philosopher/ Stromata 4.1.2.2-4
Rightful sovereign authority/power/mastery of the Lord /190-200 AD/ Clement of Alexandria/ Chr theologian/philosopher/Paedagogus 2.3.36.1-4
awareness of authenteo but no use in 1 Tim 2 /185-254 AD/ Origen
– “one who murders by his own hand” /100-200AD/ Phrynichus Arabius/Grammarian, rhetorician
lord/master over slave (w inhumane cruelty added as descriptor) /217-235 AD/ Hippolytus of Rome
supreme authority /200-300 AD/ Pseudo Clement
Divine power/sovereignty of God/Christ /296-373 AD/ Athanasius of Alexandria
exercise of improper power/(doctrinal/eccl.) supreme authority /296-373 AD/ Athanasius of Alexandria
murder /317-388 AD/ Themistius/Statesman, rhetorician, philosopher
dealing with murder /300-400AD/ Sopater Atheniensis/Rhetorician
destroyer of the Phocians /315-386 AD/ Himerius/Sophist
Absolute, Divine, Equal, Sovereign, Supreme /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Authente family referring to Jesus Christ 60+, God & Holy Spirit 10+)
delegated limited servant level authority /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homiliies on satan
Authority of God's Divine truth, Scripture, law /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies in general
Bold, forceful rebuke to confront sin /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies re Apostle Paul
encouraged a pastoral, gentler, restrained, tempered response/authority instead of authentes /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies re Apostle Paul, Peter, Andrew, Timothy, elders, leaders
deacon/leaders abusing authority/power /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); letter to Pope Innocent re trial by eccl leaders
Eve influenced and taught man badly once, so now restricted and submits to prevent error /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Gen 3/ I Tim 2-14 re Adam & Eve
neither believing husband or wife are to authentei over each other, prohibited for both /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies on 1 Timothy & Colossians re husband and wife relationships
ok to teach husband if a non- believer /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies on 1 Timothy
avoid authentein, esp w unbelievers; serve instead of authentias /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120+ uses); Homilies on Colossians & 1 Timothy; re family of God & Episkope
prohibited action of women (elderly widows) cannot teach men /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120-150 uses); Homilies on 1 Timothy 5 and 2:12 re widows
autonomous freedom making sinful choices /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120-150 uses); Homilies on 1 Timothy 5:6 re young widows
arrogant, demanding authentias compared to Paul's gentler approach /380-407 AD/ John Chrysostom (120-150 uses); Homilies re exploitive & false teachers
Trinitarian / ecclesial context … /350-379 AD/ Basil the Great
…for supreme authority/sovereignty /350-390 AD/ Gregory of Nazianzus
Not proficient in Greek, consulted w Jerome & lexicons to help him /354-430 AD/ Augustine of Hippo (Latin > didn’t know much Greek)
dominates /490-570 AD/ Joannes Philoponus/ Philosophical writer
cause murders through agency of others /445-380 BC/10th cent AD/ Lysias/Orator via Suda/Byzantine Lexicon
ANCIENT TRANSLATIONS:
dominari /150-> 250AD/ Old Latin/ Vetus Latina (series of independent versions)
dominari in virum /382-405 AD/ Jerome/Latin Vulgate
be authoritative over w a sense of a negative domineering /300-400 AD/ Syriac Peshitta
to be lord, or to lord it over/be master over /170-300AD/ Coptic
rule over or have dominion over /300-500 AD/ Ethiopic
to dominate or have mastery over /600-900AD/ Arabic
to dominate or rule over /400-414 AD/ Mesrop Mashtots, etc
have power over to rule/domineer /350-383 AD/ Ulfilas
domineer/lord over /400-500 AD/ Georgian